What is it
AKOMA NTOSO 2.0 Schema
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Legal System Modifications
Implementation (or Transposition)
Implementations are norms that implement (or execute, carrying into effect) the rules and principles expressed in more-general norms of a higher legal standing. Examples are legislative decrees used to implement European directives or regional charters, decrees of the president of the republic used to implement framework legislation, and regional regulations used to implement a state law. A legislative decree implementing a European directive sets up a normative link to that directive, and this normative link will is designated as an implementation. Usually in the civil law countries is used the term “transposition” for accepting the European Directive inside of the National legal system, in the common law is used the term “implement”. It is necessary a deeper analysis for evaluate the need to divide this category in two distinct issue or to maintain, in order to make the classification simpler, in a unique item.
Example 1
Italian Law
Decreto legislativo 9 April 2003, n. 70
Transposition of Directive 2000/31/EC on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Marke
Example 2
South African Law
Act No. 27, 2002 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ROME STATUTE
OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT ACT. 2002
Objects of Act
3. The objects of this Act are-
(a) to create a framework to ensure that the Statute is effectively implemented in the Republic;
Ratification
This is a normative link that brings international law into a national legal system: the law so introduced (such as an international treaty, agreement, protocol, or convention) is thus said to have been ratified.
Example 1
Cameroon Law
Decree N° 2005/034 of 07 February 2005
to ratify the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime adopted on 15 november 2000
The President of the Republic, hereby decrees as follows:
Article 1: The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime, adopted on .15 November 2000 is ratified.
Example 2
Cameroon Law
Decree No 2001-273 of 24 September 2001
to ratify the Constitution of the African Union
The President of the Republic decrees as follows :
Section 1 : The Constitution of the African Union, adopted on 11 July 2000 at Lome by the 36th ordinary session of the OAU Conference of Heads of State and Government, is hereby ratified.
Example 3
South African Law
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS AND TOURISM
DEPARTMENT VAN OMGEWINGSAKE EN TOERISME
No. 1676 19 December1997
RATIFICATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION
ON CLIMATE CHANGE
It is hereby notified for general information that South Africa ratified, as a developing
country, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereinafter referred to as the Convention) on 29 August 1997, after approval by Parliament in terms of section 231 (2) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act No. 108 of 1996). The text of the Convention appears in the Schedule.
Application
Application is used to apply a higher-order norm into a lower-order one. The most frequent case is the application of European directives into the National legal system, onother case is the application of an act by a decree.
Example 1
Cameroon Law
Décret N° 99/781/PM du 13 octobre 1999 fixant les modalités d’application de l’article71(1)(nouveau) de la loi n°94/01 du 20 janvier 1994 portant régime des forêts, de la faune et de la pêche.
ARTICLE 1er.- Le présent décret fixe les modalités d’application de l’article 71(1)(nouveau) de la loi n°94/01 du 20 janvier 1994 portant régime des forêts, de la faune et de la pêche, ci-après désignée la " Loi ".
Legislative Delegation
Legislative delegation is an authorization to exercise the lawmaking function. This is a power granted to the two houses of parliament and to lawmakers (e.g. Art. 70 of the Italian Constitution) in order to maintain the separation between the legislative power and the executive one . It can only be granted by the government (Art. 76). This provision is marked up in the source normative provision , that is, in the legislative decree by which the delegation is effected. The same mechanism is applied in several unicameral legal system where the Parliament delegates the Prime Ministry or the Republic President to write act as primary legislative.
Example 1
Algerian Law
Algérie, 30 September 1992
DÉCRET LÉGISLATIF
Décret législatif no 92-03 du 30 septembre 1992 relatif à la lutte contre la subversion et le terrorisme.
Le président du Haut Comité d'État :
Vu la Constitution, notamment ses articles 116 et 117-l°;
Vu la déclaration du Conseil constitutionnel du il janvier 1992 ;
Vu la proclamation du 14 janvier 1992, instituant le Haut Comité d'État :
Vu la délibération n° 92-02/HCE du 14 avril 1992 relative aux décrets à caractère législatif;
Vu la délibération no 92-04/HCE du 2 juillet 1992 relative à l'élection du Président du Haut Comité d'Etat;
DELIBERATION N° 92-02/HCE Du 14 AVRIL 1992 RELATIVE AUX DECRETS A CARACTERE LEGISLATIF
Le Haut Comité d'Etat,
- Considérant la nécessité impérieuse et urgente d'un recours à des mesures d'ordre législatif pour assurer la continuité de l'Etat et la mise en oeuvre du programme du gouvernement,
- Considérant la vacance du pouvoir législatif,
- Considérant la déclaration du Conseil Constitutionnel du 11 janvier 1992 par laquelle il recommande aux institutions investies des pouvoirs Constitutionnels de veiller à la continuité de l'Etat et de réunir les conditions nécessaires au fonctionnement normal des institutions et de l'ordre Constitutionnel,
- Considérant la proclamation du 14 janvier 1992 instituant un Haut Comité d'Etat et l'habilitant à exercer l'ensemble des pouvoirs confiés par la Constitution au Président de la République,
- Considérant que la mission assignée au Haut Comité d'Etat ne saurait être accomplie sans le recours à des mesures pressantes d'ordre législatif.
Après en avoir délibéré,
ARRETE :
1) Les mesures législatives nécessaires pour assurer la continuité de l'Etat et la mise en oeuvre du programme du gouvernement et jusqu'au rétablissement du fonctionnement normal des institutions et de l'ordre Constitutionnel, sont prises par le Haut Comité d'Etat par décrets à caractère législatif.
2) Le Conseil Consultatif National, saisi par le Haut Comité d'Etat, donne son avis sur les projets de décrets à caractère législatif qui lui sont soumis.
3) les décrets à caractère législatif sont promulgués par le Président du Haut comité d'Etat et publiés au journal officiel de la République Algérienne Démocratique et populaire.
4) La présente délibération sera publiée au journal officiel de la république Algérienne Démocratique et populaire.
fait à Alger, le 14 avril 1992
De-legislation
De-legislation introduces regulation in place of pre-existing legislation in a given subject matter. (The mechanics of this operation are described in Italian Legal System by the Art. 17, paragraph 2, of Law 400/1988.) This mechanism permits to place all the technical or operative norms in the regulation level with the advantage to easily modify and to maintain the main principal norms in the primary level. The de-legislating provision carries a normative link to the primary norm being de-legislated. This normative link (between the de-legislating provision and the de-legislated regulation) makes it possible to generate views through which to verify that the de-legislating provision is being implemented.
Example. 1
South African Law
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT
4 August 2006
AVIATION ACT, 1962 (ACT NO 74 of 1962)
TWENTY-THIRD AMENDMENT TO THE CIVIL
AVIATION REGULATIONS, 199 7
The Minister of Transport has under section 22( 1) of the Aviation Act, 1962
(Act No 74 of 1962) made the regulations in the Schedule hereto.
Example 2
Tanzanian Law
Act n. 1 of 2006
27. - (1) The Minister shall have powers to make regulations for the better carrying into effect of the provisions of this Act.
Example 3
South African Law
Regulation n.627 of 2006
REGULATIONS REGARDING PETROLEUM PRODUCTS SPECIFICATIONS
AND STANDARDS
The Minister of Minerals and Energy has under sections 2(l)(a) and
12C(l)(a)(vi), (e) and (13 of the Petroleum Products Act, 1977 (Act No. 120 of
1977) made the Regulations in the Schedule.
Example 4
South African Law
REGULATIONS MADE UNDER SECTION 38 OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
ROME STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT ACT, 2002 (ACT NO.
27 OF 2002), PUBLISHED IN GOVERNMENT NOTICE NO. R. 1089 OF 16 AUGUST 2002
(GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 23761)
The Minister for Justice and Constitutional Development has, under section 38 of the
Implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Act, 2002
(Act No. 27 of 2002), made the regulations in the Schedule.
Example 5
Algerian Law
Décret exécutif n° 05-495 du 24 Dhou El Kaada 1426 correspondant au 26 décembre 2005 relatif à l'audit énergétique des établissements grands consommateurs d'énergie.
Article 1er. Conformément à l'article 23 de la loi n° 99-09 du 15 Rabie Ethani 1420 correspondant au 28 juillet 1999, susvisée, le présent décret a pour objet de définir les seuils de consommation énergétique déterminant les critères d'assujettissement des établissements à l'audit, la périodicité de l'audit et les conditions et modalités de mise en ouvre de l'audit énergétique et d'agrément des auditeurs.
Loi n° 99-09 du 15 Rabie Ethani 1420 correspondant au 28 juillet 1999
Article 23
Les seuils de consommation énergétique déterminant les critères d'assujettissement des établissements à l'audit, la périodicité de l'audit, les modalités d'exercice de l'audit énergétique et d'agrément des auditeurs sont fixés par voie réglementaire.
Conversion
This is the modification effected through a conversion law, used to convert a legislative decree or a temporary decree into permanent act. The legislative decree thus acquires a new role in the normative system, achieving a status (from transient to permanent) and becoming a different kind of source of law (i.e., a law properly so called). The word used is “ratification” but for not creating confusion of naming we decide to label it “conversion”.
Example 1
Malian Law
LOI N°00-083/DU 22 DECEMBRE 2000
PORTANT RATIFICATION DE L’ORDONNANCE N°00-
044/P-RM DU 21 SEPTEMBRE 2000 REGISSANT LA PRODUCTION, LA DIFFUSION, LE
CONTROLE, L’IMPORTATION ET L’EXPORTATION DES SEMENCES ET EMBRYONS
D’ORIGINES ANIMALES ET DES REPRODUCTEURS.
L’Assemblée Nationale a délibéré et adopté en sa séance du 14 décembre 2000 ;
Le Président de la République promulgue la loi dont la teneur suit :
ARTICLE UNIQUE : Est ratifiée l’Ordonnance N°00-044/P-RM du 21 septembre 2000 régissant la production, la diffusion, le contrôle, l’importation et l’exportation des semences et embryons d’origines animales et des reproducteurs avec la modification de ses articles 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 et 24.
Example 2
Uganda Law
THE PUBLIC FINANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY ACT, 2003
44. Annulment by Parliament of statutory instruments.
A statutory instrument made under this Act shall-
(a) be laid before Parliament as soon as possible after its publication in the Gazette
(b) be subject to annulment by Parliament by resolution after twenty one days after its being laid before Parliament; and
(c) cease to have effect after it is annulled by Parliament but without prejudice to the making of a further instrument or to its previous operation.
Expiration
A legislative decree or temporary decree expires by lapse of time if it fails to be converted within the term set forth usually in costitutional law (e.g. Art. 77 of the Italian Constitution), and the Ministry of Justice will then have to serve notice of such nonconversion in the Official Gazette (in Italy in pursuance of Art. 12, paragraph 2, of Decree of the President of the Republic no. 1092/1985). Similarly (pursuant to paragraph 1 of the same article), if the proposed draft law fails of passage, the president of either the lower or the higher house (chamber of deputies or senate) will immediately communicate the deliberation to the Ministry of Justice, which publishes the same deliberation in the Official Gazette.
Example 1
CONSTITUTION
of the Republic of Cameroon
(note: the Art. 26 statues the modality of the ordinance refusal. No example was found but the Constitution includes this eventuality)
Art. 26
(1) However, with regard to the subjects listed in Article 26 (2) above, Parliament may empower the
President of the Republic to legislate by way of ordinance for a limited period and for given purposes.
(2) Such ordinances shall enter into force on the date of their publication. They shall be tabled before the
bureaux of the National Assembly and the Senate for purposes of ratification within the time-limit laid
down by the enabling law. They shall be of a statutory nature as long as they have not been ratified.
(3) They shall remain in force as long as Parliament has not refused to ratify them.
Reiteration
If under Art. 77 of the Italian Constitution legislative decrees expire so easily, the reason lies in their purpose as provisional emergency measures, and for the same reason the content presented in one legislative decree may not be reiterated (reintroduced) in a subsequent one. Still, it became standard practice in the 1970s to disregard this constitutional principle, and that eventually prompted the Supreme Court of Cassation to declare the practice unconstitutional (in ruling no. 360 of 24 Oct. 1996).* So it is useful for our purposes to record the practice whether prior to the 1996 ruling or subsequently in violation of it.
* The occasion for the ruling came with Legislative Decree no. 462 of 6 Sept. 1996, on the 17th reiteration of paragraph 4 of Article 6 of this decree, which addressed waste disposal and recycling and began life as Legislative Decree no. 443 of 9 Nov. 1993.
Remaking
The Remaking is when an act is completely rewritten in a new way but the topic is the same. The semantic relationship is tracked with a special link in order to see the evolution of the original act even if it was remade.
Example. 1
Italian Law
Legislative Decree n. 197/2003 is a remaking of Law 675/1996 with insertions and a coordination with other laws or regulations. This legislative decree re-orders the existing laws and repeals the Law 675/1996, nevertheless a semantic link is necessary between the two acts in order to make evidence the remaking done.
The same is happened all the time that we have a promulgation of an Act like "New Civil Code". The previous one is repealed by the new one, nevertheless a semantic link should underline the conceptual connection between the old document and the new one. Otherwise the new document could appear as a new legal creation.
Republication
The Republication is when an act is re-published with some annotation in the Official Gazette but it is not an official legal document.
Example. 1
Italian Financial Law
All the Italian Financial Law are republished after about 60 days with annotation coming from all the pertinent Ministers.
Coordination
The Coordination is when an act is published in the Official Gazette in a consolidation version. This version can be valid under legal point of view or not. In the second case it is only for informative scope.
Example 1
Mozambiquen Law
Decreto - Lei n.º 120 / 2004
Artigo 4º
Republicação
O Decreto-Lei nº 241/99, de 25 de Junho, é republicado em anexo, na íntegra, com as alterações introduzidas pelo presente diploma.
ANEXO
Decreto-Lei n.o 241/99 de 25 de Junho (republicação)